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Q1: The eruption of Mt. Tambora, Indonesia, in 1815 A. produced such dreary weather that it inspired the writing of Frankenstein. B. is the only documented example of possible eruption-triggered coolness. C. produced "the year without a winter." D. resulted in extremely high temperatures in the northern hemisphere during 1816.See Answer
Q2: Describe what it might be like living at various latitudes on a hypothetical Earth with an axis of rotation that is perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic (i.e. no axial tilt) (4 marks).See Answer
Q3: . Determine net radiation (Rn or Q*) at 12:00 PM over Guelph Lake in July and in January.Again, use average albedo values (decimal format, not %) in Table 3. Are the values significantly different? Explain. (5 marks)See Answer
Q4: Calculate the noon sun angle for Moose Jaw, SK (50.40°N) on the following dates -) June 21: O December 22: O September 22:See Answer
Q5: Many biophysical changes of day.occur as a result of changingsunangle and hence, change in length a) Referring to the analemma (see Figure in preview material), identify the two months of the year when the change in length of day is greatest (i.e., during which months of the year is the change in declination of the sun the greatest?). (1 mark) b) Identify three biophysical responses associated with each of these times of the year (i.e. what do you notice occurring at these times of year)? (3 marks)See Answer
Q6: Using the data provided in Table 2, calculate the reflected direct radiation over the sod farm and over Guelph Lake at 1200Hr in July (i.e. the * (blank) values in Table 2). Use average albedo values (decimal format, not %) for grass and water given in Table 3. Show all calculations.Describe and explain your results. (6 marks)See Answer
Q7: 2. What is the latitude in the northern hemisphere of a place where the noon sun angle is 38° on June 21? (show your work) (3 marks)See Answer
Q8: Using Table 1 in the preview material, what is the approximate length of the day for the following places and dates (4 marks)? ) Manchester, UK (53°N), on June 22: 5) Iqaluit, Nunavut (63°N) on December 22: c) North Pole (90°N) on September 22: d) Nanjing, China (32°N) on March 21See Answer
Q9: 7. Aside from sun angle identify two factors (conditions) that might reduce the intensity of incoming solar radiation at any given location and explain how they do this (4 marks).See Answer
Q10: A Guelph developer has realized that there is a trend toward people growing their own freshvegetables in backyard gardens owing to an interest in eating local. The developer thereforewishes to include an option for a large garden plot for all new homes built in a planned suburbdevelopment. A geographer on the planning committee notes the relatively short length of thelots and suggests the developer consider the exposure of the gardens to sunlight during thesummer months, especially for lots where the garden would be located to the north of thehouco Answer the following questions knowing that house height is 5.7 m, backyard length is 16 m from the house, and garden length is 4 m. Assume that the pitch of the roof is oriented parallel to the curb of the property, such that a side-view diagram of the house can be drawn as a rectangle (i.e. it is the same height for its whole cross-section). With the aid of a diagram, determine the minimum distance from the edge of the house to the garden so as to avoid shading from the house during the growing season. Ontarians typically start to plant their gardens after May 24 (i.e. solar declination of 20.7°N). (show allcalculations) (8 marks) ) What will the intensity of solar radiation be on the garden on July 15 and on August 25? Hint:use the analemma to estimate noon sun angle (4 marks). Describe how bodies of water (e.g. lakes) influence local radiation budgets. Explain how this may have potential micro-climatological effects (3 marks).See Answer
Q11: 2. (50 pts) A Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) wall is to be constructed as shown in the figure below. Answer the following questions regarding this wall. a) (5 pts) What is the Rankine active earth pressure coefficient that should be used? b) (15 pts) What is the magnitude, direction, and height of the lateral pressure resultant(Fa)? What are the magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical components of the lateral pressure resultant? c) (10 pts) What is the total overturning moment if the reference point is placed at thetoe of the wall? d) (10 pts) What is the total resisting moment if the reference point is placed at the toeof the wall? (5 pts) Does the wall meet the minimum factor of safety for overturning (2.0)? f) (5 pts) Does the wall meet the minimum factor of safety for sliding (1.5)?See Answer
Q12: Go back to your CPT HW analysis plots. Look particularly at the plots of u2 and un, FR, and o'. Notice how these parameters behave at z = approximately 20m, z = approximately 21.5m, and z = approximately 23.5m. The u2 spikes above un, the FR spikes up, and the o' spikes down. These are very thin layers of fine soil that found themselves layered in a large coarse grained soil deposit over the history of the site. Such thin layers or "seams" were probably deposited during draughts. Classify the soil that composes each of these seams using the classification chart (no need for a graph-chart combo;simply select a representative FR and a representative qi for each seam (do this by eye, looking at the plots; do not pick exact values from the data).a. See Answer
Q13: 1. Go to PART IV of your Reader and study the Side friction capacity section of your Reader. You should have read this section once already, for HW 6.See Answer
Q14: 5. Go to PART IV of your Reader and study the End bearing capacity section of your Reader. You should have read this section once already, for HW 6.See Answer
Q15: C. Provide scientific background on the issue. Discuss any points of controversy or disagreement related to the scientific research regarding the issue. If there is no disagreement around the issue, discuss why the topic is alarming and how it has a critical impact on communities or on a global scale.See Answer
Q16: D. Discuss any points of controversy related to the economic or social impact of the issue.Do people outside of the scientific community view the issue in a particular way?See Answer
Q17: Using Bishop's simplified method of slices determine the factor of safety in terms of effective stress for the trial circle in the slope as shown in Figure 4 (Q5). The properties of the sandy soil are as follows: ys = 20 kN/m³ and o = 30°. Divide the slope cut into at least four slices. Show your values for the heights of the slices andfor a, the inclination of the base to the horizontal both graphically and in a table with the additional information that you need to make the calculation for the factor o fsafety. Full calculation is required for two slices ONLY. F_{s}=\frac{1}{\sum \sin \alpha w} \sum\left[\frac{\left[(w-u b) \tan \varphi_{c n i}^{\prime}\right]}{\left(\cos \alpha+\left(\tan \varphi_{c r i i}^{r} \sin \alpha / F s\right)\right.}\right] (b) If the slope of interest is associated with cohesive soil explain the effect of tension crack likely to have on the slope slip.See Answer
Q18: The section of a cutting, 14m deep, slope 1% horizontal to 1 vertical is as shown in Figure Q5.For a depth of 5m below the surface, the soil has the following properties: unit weight = 17kNm, øtrit = 32°. Below this, the soil properties are unit weight = 18 kNm3 øcrit = 34°. For the given trial slip surface, find the factor of safety of the slope under conditions of steady seepage using Fellenius method. See Answer
Q19: Consider the seepage beneath a retaining wall shown in Figure 1 below. The foundation rock around the wall is homogeneous and isotropic with a hydraulic conductivity of 1 x10 m/s. It extends to an impermeable rock, DEF. The surface of the foundation rock is shown with dashed lines (AD and CF). On the right of CF is crushed gravel which,because of its high permeability, can be treated like a layer of water;, there is no need to consider seepage through it. Above surface AD is a 0.5m deep layer of surface water. The water level in the gravel is at the surface of the gravel layer. For simplicity, take gravitational acceleration to be 10m/s and water density to be 1000kg/m'. a) A larger version of Fig. 1 is provided on supplementary sheet #1 at the end of this examquestion. Construct a quantitatively accurate flow net, with nmsure to attach the sheet to your exam script prior to submission. Indicate numerical valuesfor each equipotential line and the direction of flow.3.5 flow tubes, on it. Be b) Calculate the exit velocity along the exit face (CF). c) Do you anticipate piping? Justify your answer in one or two sentences.[2 d) Calculate the force along AB đue to seepage through the soil. See Answer
Q20: E. Is the issue you chose closely related to any other earth science issues? How so?See Answer

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